Haigazian Armenological Review
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Item An Historical and Dynastic Survey of Caucasia, Eastern Anatolia and Adharbayjan from Xth to the XIIIth Centuries(1971) Kouymjian, Dickran K.Յօդուածը կը ներկայացնէ 10-13րդ դարերու քաղաքական ու ցեղագրական պատմութիւնը հարաւ արեւելեան Կովկասի, ներառեալ՝ Հայաստանի, Վրաստանի ու Ատրպէյճանի: Մասնաւոր ուշադրութեամբ վեր առնուած են այդ շրջաններուն մէջ վերոյիշեալ ժամանակին իշխող իսլամական ցեղերը: Սերտողութեան նիւթ դարձած են մինչեւ իսկ երկրորդական կարեւորութիւն ունեցող փոքր պետութիւնները: Վերլուծումի ենթարկուած է այդ ցեղերուն ճակատագիրը 11րդ դարու սելճուք-թրքական եւ 13րդ դարու մոնկոլական արշաւանքներու ընթացքին: Արծարծուած են նաեւ շարք մը դրամագիտական եւ ընկերային-հասարակական հարցեր:Item Edward Gulbekian, ed., "ARMENIAN PRESS DIRECTORY", London, Harq Publication, 1971, 76 pages(1971) Tanielian, JirayrItem Tracé de Monuments Anciens Autour du Bassin de la Mediterranne et en Armenie(1970) Paboudjian, PascalԱնցեալին՝ ծանօթ Վիթրիվիուս ճարտարապետը կը յայտնէ թէ հռոմէական ամփիթատրոններու յատակագիծները համադրելու համար կը գործածուէին երկու հաւասարակողմ եռանկիւններ՝ շրջանակի մը մէջ ներգծուած. A գծանկարը, տիակրամ:: Իսկ յունական ամփիթատրոններու յատակագիծներուն համար կը գործածուէին քառակուսիներ՝ շրջանակին մէջ ներգծուած, B տիակրամը: Մեր ներկայ ուսումնասիրութիւնը ցոյց կու տայ թէ վերոյիշեալ գծանկարները գործածուած էին նաեւ հելլենիստական եւ հռոմէական դամբաններուն mausolée յատակագիծները գծելու համար. օրինակ՝ Տիոքլեսիանոսի դամբարանը: Այս սովորութիւնը կ'անցնի Կոստանդիանոս կայսրին շինել տուած շրջանակաձեւ, բազմանկիւն եւ աստղաձեւ դամբարան-մատուռներու եւ եկեղեցիներու ընդմէջէն: Այս շարունակուած է նաեւ Միջերկրականեան աւազանին շուրջ գտնուող Բիւզանդական երկիրներու, Միջնադարեան Արեւմուտքին, ինչպէս նաեւ Արաբական ճարտարապետութեան մէջ մինչեւ ԺԲ. դար: Հայերը սերտ յարաբերութիւններ հաստատած ըլլալով ժամանակակից մշակութային կեդրոններու հետ, որդեգրած եւ գործածած են անոնց մեթոտները եւ Է. դարուն բարեփոխելու՝ ստեղծած են հետեւեալ կոթողները. Բագարան, Մաստարա, Զուարթնոց, Հռիփսիմէ, Իրինտ եւ Հովիւի եկեղեցիները: Անոնց կառուցման համար գործածած են A կամ B գծանկարները, իւրաքանչիւրը առանձինն կամ երկուքը՝ միատեղ: Բոլոր ժամանակներու մէջ, երկրաչափական այս գծանկարներու գործածութիւնը օգնեց գեղեցիկ համաչափութիւններ որոնելու եւ յատակագիծներու զանազան մասերէն նաեւ միութեան կապեր յառաջ բերելու: Անոնք երբեք չսահմանափակեցին արուեստագէտին ստեղծագործական թռիչքը: Հետեւաբար, կառուցուած ճարտարապետական գլուխ գործոցներուն մէջ օգտագործուած ըլլալով հանդերձ նոյնանման համադրական միջոցները, հարազատօրէն կը ցոլացնեն յղացող ժողովուրդին ստեղծագործական կարողութիւնը եւ կը վկայեն անոր ճաշակին նրբութեան մասին:Item Արաբերէն-Հայերէն Բառարան. Կազմողներ Ս․ Ս․ Չուլջեան եւ Յ․ Ս․ Սարգիսեան, Պէյրութ, 1969(1970) Chatoyan, ParseghItem Արեւմտահայ Բռնագրաւուած Հողերու Հարցը 1921-1971 թթ.(1971) Messerlian, ZavenThis study aims to correlate the historical facts between 1921-71 in relation to the occupied western Armenian territories now in Turkey, mainly in relation to the districts of Kars and Ardahan. At the same time the policies of the concerned nations, Turkey, U.S.S.R. and U.S.A are presented. Before the discussion of the main topic, a bird’s eye view id given of the 1045-1918 period in relation to the territorial occupation of western Armenia successively by Seljuk. Persian and Ottoman Turkish forces. Then comparatively a larger space is devoted to the discussion of the facts and policies affecting the Western Armenian territories and in particular the districts of Kars and Ardahan, during 1918-1921. The main study starts with a brief discussion of the Treaty of Kars (1921), Soviet-Turkish relations during 1921-1939, Turkey’s pro-Anglo-French and then pro-German policy is dealt with, followed by the attitude of the Allied Nations towards Turkey during the Second World War. The Soviet claims on Kars and Ardahan in 1945 in the name of Armenia and Georgia and the relations of the Turkey and the Western powers are presented. Then the declaration of the Truman doctrine in 1947 guaranteeing the territorial integrity of the Turkey’s, thus putting a great obstacle on the way of the realization of Armenian hopes of the retrocession of the district of Kars, is given. The renounciation of Soviet territorial claims in 1953-1971 with particular emphasis on the period 1963 to 1971 is discussed. During this period Turkey’s constant demands to have their territorial integrity respected by the U.S.S.R is reflected in the joint communiques.Item Արեւմտահայ Պատմուածքի Ծագումը(1971) Oshagan, VaheThe Renaissance of Western Armenian letters sets in around 1840 in Smyrna and within 10 years the first crude form of the short story make their appearance in the works of Mkhitarist monks in Vienna. Gradually the spirit of European realism permeates Armenian literature through translations and through people like Deroyents, Vartan Pasha, Voskan, Svadjian. These men and other intellectuals — Odian, Hissarian, Haigouni, Missakian etc. help forge a new literary language which serves as vehicle for the growth of the short story. At this juncture literature has an essentially practical function and is used as weapon in social, religious and political conflicts. All the men of letters try their hands at the story – first it is Hassarian, followed by Odian, Missakian, Voskan, all in the 1850s but they lack the senses of the genre. The best tentatives are finally those of the satirical writers Svadjian and Ayvazian, together with the sentimentalist Haigouni, who develop a literary hero, a realism of the characterisation and dialogue that set the mark on the times. By the 1870s, the genre has acquired a certain identity of its own.Item Արմենակ Հայկունի. Արեւմտահայ Առաջին Նախառոմանթիքներէն(1970) Oshagan, VaheArmenag Haygouny - poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, essayist, translator - is one of the most prominent figures of mid 19th c. West Armenian literature. His rebellious character gained him many enemies among the authoritative circles of his time. Vahe Oshagan, in this article, tries to assess Haygouny's right place in Armenian Literature. Although Haygouny has been influenced by European Pre-Romanticism, he has still kept his individualism. His novel Eliza remains the first serious trial in West Armenian novel writing.Item Արտաշէսեան Հարստութեան Հիմնադիր՝ Արտաշէս Ա.ի Պղինձէ Դրամը(1971) Donabedian, Asbed H.In this article an attempt has been made to attribute a unique bronze coin to Aataxias I, the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty. To make things more comprehensible, a brief historical background and some numismatic data are discussed. The coin belongs to the author’s rich collection of Artaxiad coins. Its weight is 4 grams, and its diameter 16 millimeters. Obverse: King’s bust turned right, wearing Armenian tiara slightly bearded. Reverse: A high conical mountain represented in dots, with a large eagle perched left on its summit. The Greek inscription on either side of the mountain reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ | ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ || ΑΡΤΑΞΙΟΥItem Արտաշէսեան Հարստութեան Վերջին Գահակալներուն Անունները(1970) Donabedian, Asbed H. M.The aim of this article is threefold. First, to give the reader a general idea about the various coins so far attributed to the last three rulers of the Artaxiad Dynasty, namely, Tigranes IV, Queen Erato, and Tigranes V. Second, to make the public conscious that the numismatics of the Artiaxiad Dynasty is an excellent field for research. Third, to supply the numismatists, with some extremely rare data and documents that are of prime importance for research. The article is confined to discussing coins of some Artaxiad Kings. For the sake of clarity, before making any attributions, a brief historical background is given about each of the ruler in question. The very reason for this is the existence of five such homonymous monarchs. Very little is said about the coins of Tigranes I, II, and III and are discussed in a very perfunctory manner: however, more emphasis is laid upon those of Tigranes IV, Tigranes IV and Erato, and Tigranes V. Six out of the seventeen coins described in this article, that is nos. 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 17 belong to the writer's collection of Artaxiad coins, so far the world's greatest exceeding a hundred pieces.Item Դամասկոսի Թանգարանի Հայկական Պատառիկները(1972) Khatchikian, Levon, Mateossian, ArtashesTowards the end of the 19th century, when German scholars opened, by the special permission of the sultan, the «treasury» in the Omayyad Mosque of Damascus, they found, among a considerable number of documents, manuscripts, and fragments written in Greek, Latin, Syriac, Old French, Armenian, and other languages. Further examinations showed that the fragments of the Armenian manuscripts dated back to the 10th through 13th centuries. These fragments are now found in the National Museum in Damascus. They are parts of 13 vellum manuscripts and of an epistle written on paper. Textually they are closely associated with the Old and New Testaments, ceremonial and hagiographical books, discourse documents, and epistolary literature. A critical research on these fragments will prove to be an invaluable contribution to the study of ancient Armenian literature and the history of the Armenian language. Historical investigation bears out the fact that these fragments originally come from one of the most renowned cultural centers, namely, the Hromgla library which had been ransacked by the Mamelukes in the days of Sultan Ashraf Salah ed Din (1290-1294) and had been brought to Damascus.Item ԺԱ. Դարու Հայ Կառավարիչներ Պեխտ-Խաչատուր եւ Վասակ Պահլաւունի(1971) Kassouni, Yervant H.After tracing the role of Armenian in the Byzantine empire during the IX-XI centuries, the author discusses two XIth century Armenian governors of Antioch, Bekht-Khatchatour and Vassak Bahlavouny. In an earlier article H. Laurent had opposed the idea of connecting Bekht of the Armenian sources with Khatchatour of the Byzantine sources. On the basis of the historical evidence, the author tries to show that Bekht and Khatchatour are one and the same person. The article goes on to present the circumstances surrounding the murder of both Armenian governors of Antioch within the context of an anti-Armenian policy of the Byzantines.Item Լեւոն Բաշալեանի Բառապաշարը(1971) Aghbashian, BaruyrIn the 1880’s the developments of the west Armenian realist literature helped to the enrichment of the contemporary language. One of the main concerns of the realist writers was to make the language understood by the layman, while raising it to the standards of developed foreign literary languages. Leon Pashalian is one of the realist short story writers of the 1880’s. with this article the author studies the lexicon of Leon Pashalian and his contribution to development of the west Armenian literary language.Item Լեւոն Վարդան, «Հայկական Տասնհինգը Եւ Հայերու Լքեալ Գոյքերը», Պէյրութ, 1970, 344 էջ(1971) Kassouni, Yervant H.Item Լիբանանահայ Մամուլի Յիսուն Տարին 1921-1971 թթ.(1971) Der Khatchadourian, ArdashesThis article tries to give a general view of the Armenians press in Lebanon from 1921-1971. During those 50 years more than 175 Armenian newspapers, periodicals and almanachs have been published of which some have ceased publication. At the present some 60 Armenian newspapers, monthlies and almanachs are being published in Lebanon. The history of the Armenian press in Lebanon is given in consecutive decades. In each decade we see the important problems which Armenian living in Lebanon have faced and the reactions of the press. The author names the leading newspapers and periodicals of that decade, giving some information about the duration, the program, the editors, the contributors, and making a brief appreciation of that press. The writer puts a special emphasis on the achievements and defects of the Armenian press in Lebanon. The article ends with a list where almost all the Armenian press in Lebanon are mentioned in an alphabetic order, giving also the periods of their duration.Item Խաչակիրներ Անտիոքի Դիմաց (Էջ Մը Հայ-Խաչակրական Յարաբերութեանց Պատմութենէն)(1970) Kassouny, Yervant H.In the year 1096, October 18, the armies of the First Crusade were in the vicinity of Antioch. Instead of immediately attacking the city, they decided to besiege it and wait till further development of the events. As time passed, however, their food supply got shorter, and the fear of the famine supervened. Prices went high. Many were dispatched to help the Crusaders, among which there were Armenian princes and monks from Cilicia, among which there were Armenian princes and monks from Cilicia. The local Christian population - Armenians and Assyrians also tried to help them. They succeeded in buying foodstuff from various places, and bringing it to the Crusaders; but the prices were too high; so only the very rich among the Crusaders were able to buy the food. Concerning this Steven Runciman writes: "Their (Armenians' and Assyrians' Y.H.K.)" motive was not philanthropy but gain." (A History of the Crusades, Vol. I, London, 1965, p. 221). Presenting the period and the conditions in their entirety, and relying on the givens of the chroniclers, this study proves that Steven Runciman is mistaken in this conclusion, and that, not the Armenians exploited the Crusaders, but the latter are led astray in their own judgments and have found themselves confronted with the unexpected.Item Խաչատուր Աբովեան(1971) Oshagan, HagopThe study presents two well-known east Armenian authors namely Khatchatour Apovian and Kapriel Sountougianz. The author through Apovian’s Verk Hayastany (<> -- a novel) presents him as a poet, historian, orator, and messenger. Then by studying the structure, the language, and the realism in K. Sountougian’s plays, Sountougian is presented as the first and only east Armenian playwright.Item Խտրականութիւնը Օսմանեան Կայսրութեան Մէջ(1970) Vartan, LevonSegregation in the Ottoman Empire never was a novelty nor a fact just brought to light in the nineteenth century. It was there in the Ottoman Empire since the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Segregation in the empire was a government as well as a religious and social policy. It received its force from the teachings of the Sheriat and the laws promulgated especially to create a wide gap between the Moslem and the Christian populations of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, once the policy enforced, it helped to distinguish the two major classes of the Ottoman society and to render easier the confiscation and appropriation, requisitioning and carting away of the rayas’ ownings; it also furthered and helped to engross the pillaging and looting desires of the Kurds, the Circassians and other marauding elements. Moreover, it was this policy of segregation which debarred the rayas of the right of self-protection and let loose all the evil forces to kidnap or massacre the non-Moslems especially in the eastern vilayets of the Ottoman Empire. This paper examines the differences existing between clothing, headgears, shoes, rights of arm-bearing, houses, gardens, merry-making, wedding-ceremonies, ringing of bells, singing and chanting, burial ceremonies, horse-riding, etc. of the Moslem inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire on the one hand and the Christian Armenians on the other. With ample evidence and documentation, it sheds light on the prevailing differences; moreover, it tells the sad and gloomy story of the Armenian rayas’ daily life in a society which drew its right of existence from the very being of these same rayas. The paper is composed of two parts: the first deals with the everyday life of the Armenians, while the second examines the Ottoman official brutal permits which come almost from all the parts of the Ottoman Empire.Item Հայ Աւետարանական Եկեղեցիին Վարդապետական Առանձնայատկութիւնները(1971) Darakjian, Barkev N.After pointing out the direct and indirect causes of the formation of the Armenian Evangelical Church in the middle of the 19th century, the study presents the declaration of the First Armenian Protestants, the New Confession of Patriarch Matthew of Constantinople, and the Confession of Armenia’s Evangelical Church in opposition to the Patriarch Matthew New confession. Comparing these last two confessions, the author presents those principles which have given birth to the particular characteristics of the Armenian Evangelical Church, namely; to accept the Gospel as the highest authority; to accept Christ as the only mediator for salvation; salvation is the grace of God; and all believers are ministers of the church.