Education in Counseling

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Differences in Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being Between Working and Non-working Lebanese Women
(2005) Safi Haddad, Nada
The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in self esteem and general psychological well-being including levels of autonomy, personal growth and self-acceptance between working women and non-working women. The sample consisted of randomly selected 101 Lebanese women between 250and 55 years old. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being were the two tools used in this study. This study was a quantitative study that utilized the t-test, as well as the method of correlation and simple percentages. The results were significant and showed that working women score higher on the Self-Esteem Scale and the Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being as well as the subscales, personal growth, self-acceptance and autonomy. This study confirmed the importance of work in increasing levels of self-esteem and psychological well-being among Lebanese women.
Career Counselling: A New Concept in Lebanon
(2005) Costa, Nabil
This study provides an overview of WAZNAT, a recently established Lebanese career counseling firm. The Founders had perceived the dilemma of graduating high school students in relation to their career options. They sought to address this need through the provision of relevant information and career guidance services at the school level. The study provides a qualitative analysis in relation to Waznat's in-formal educational role in terms of providing career guidance and academic orientation services in schools. The survey included 200 high school students from Grade 11 and another 100 from Grade 12.
Son and Daughter Mate Selection as a Function of Respective Relations with Mother and Father
(2009) Kaloustian, Elsy
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between father-daughter relationships and women's romantic partner choice; As well as mother-son relationships and men’s romantic partner choice. Romantic couples, at different settings (n=136), completed four questionnaires: one measuring their perception of the quality of relationship they had experienced with their opposite sex parent, and the others describing the psychological characteristics of: the opposite sex parent, the romantic mate, and their own. It was predicted that there will be a positive correlation between the relationship with the opposite sex parent and the romantic partner choice. Although a positive correlation was found between the two variables and, in general, results were significant.
Factors Influencing Major Choosing Process in the University: A Qualitative Research Analysis
(2010) Jingoezian-Moughalian, Salpi
The present qualitative study examined the students' career maturity, cultural background, parental role, gender differences, economical difficulties, and school career counseling services that influenced the university major selection process on a sample of Lebanese university students (N = 249). The study relied on self-report measures, mainly demographic information and a questionnaire that consisted of 42 items. Results were analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the students are aware of their strengths, limitations and skills to make appropriate decisions. Culture, religion, and parental involvement were the least influential factors on students' career choice. Females are far less likely to enter science-based occupations than males, whereas males are more inspired to obtain careers with high income. Career counseling services are not the primary source of information for students. The need for effective education-career planning programs in schools is expressed by the students.
The Impact of Humor on Test Anxiety
(2010) Nasr Boulad, Samia
The present study examined the impact of humor on test anxiety on a sample of Lebanese Middle School students (N= 75) in the 7th grade, between the ages of eleven and twelve, enrolled in a prestigious private school in the French Program. In addition, this study sought to investigate the effect of visual jokes as compared to those of written jokes in a Physics test. The study relied on self-report measures where participants were asked to fill the Westside Test Anxiety Scale before and after having solved their test in Physics. Results were calculated using analyses of variance. The results did not support the expected hypotheses as test anxiety was not specifically reduced by humor with these Middle School students; however, they all perceived humor in testing as favorable.
The Relationship between Social Phobia and Music Performance Anxiety among Choir Singers
(2010) Agopian, Vartan
The present study examined music performance anxiety and its relationship with social phobia on a sample of school and university students who are enrolled in choir (N = 100). In addition, this study sought to investigate the effect of gender, age, previous experience and musical training on music performance anxiety. The study relied on self-report measures where participants were asked to provide demographic and music-related information and fill two questionnaires: the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and the Kenny Music Performance Anxiety (KMPAI). Results were computed using analyses of correlations, regression and variance. The results of the study showed that social phobia and music performance anxiety are positively correlated (r = .599) and that age is the variable that positively predicts music performance anxiety.
The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement in a Lebanese Sample
(2010) Hazimeh, Fayza Fawzi
The main purpose of this study was to examine the relation between emotional intelligence and academic achievement in seventh and tenth grade classrooms (N= 149:81 males and 68 females). It was a correlational study that utilized the Six Seconds Emotional Intelligence Assessment for Youth and the Students' academic records (2009-2010). The results indicated no correlation between general academic averages and emotional intelligence scores (EQ). There was a positive correlation between emotional intelligence (EI) subscales and academic subjects but no correlation between age and emotional intelligence. The results also indicated that there is no significant difference between the performance of females and males in emotional intelligence. This work indicates that nonintellectual skills could be contributing factors to students' academic and maybe life success.
The Relation between Job Satisfaction & Psychological Well-being among Lebanese Workers
(2010) Labban, Mariam
The present dissertation studied the relationship of job satisfaction and psychological well-being between both men and women in the Lebanese society (N = 149). In addition, this study sought to investigate the effect of income, gender, age and education on job satisfaction. The study relied on self-report measures where participants were asked to provide demographic information and fill two questionnaires: the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) and the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale (PWS). The study was quantitative in nature and utilized the correlation, regression and t-test. The results of the study showed that job satisfaction and psychological well-being are positively correlated (r = .77) There was support for two hypotheses whereas no support was found for the remaining three hypotheses.
Low Self-esteem, Achievement, and Attribution: A Multidimensional Approach
(2010) Agopian, Talar
The present study examined the variables of self-esteem, academic achievement, and attributional style, and shed light on the particular group of low self-esteem students who have high academic achievement. It sought to explain why these students maintain a low self-esteem despite continuous success in the academic domain. It relied on self-report measures where participants (N= 100) were asked to provide their academic average and fill in the following questionnaires: the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Self-Esteem Questionnaire, and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale. In addition, participants were given three short stories to read followed by the State Self-Esteem Scale. The stories presented successful events in the social, family, and academic domains and were used as a multidimensional intervention model. Results were computed using analyses of correlations, regression, and variance, and t-tests. Results of this study showed and low self-esteem students tend to have an external attributional style, and that academic average positively correlates only with the school dimension of self-esteem, which might explain why self-esteem remains low in spite of academic success.
The Relationship between Father Involvement and Daughter's Body Image and Self-esteem
(2010) Kechedjian, Maria
This study investigated the relationship between a perceived father involvement, availability and closeness of father with self-esteem and body image in young adult females. The study used three scales: Father Involvement scale, Body Image scale, and the Self-esteem scale; in addition to demographic questions. A sample of 102 university students completed self-report questionnaires that measured their perception of their relationship with their fathers, their self-esteem, and their body image. Regression and correlational analyses showed that father involvement (r= .577), availability (r= .439), and closeness (r= .491) are strongly correlated with self esteem. Also results showed that father involvement is strongly correlated (r= -.678) with body image in this particular sample. Moreover, results confirmed that self esteem and body image are negatively correlated.
The Role of Religious Faith and Psychological Well-being on Fear of Death
(2011) Rifai, Faten M.
The present study examined the role of faith and psychological well-being on fear of death among a Lebanese sample from various religious affiliations (N = 150). It tested the effect of gender on the strength of religious faith and fear of death. The participants filled in demographic variables and three questionnaires: The Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire, Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale, and Revised Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale. Results were computed using analysis of correlations and regressions. The results of the current study showed that religious faith has no correlation with fear of death; however, the psychological well-being showed a significant positive correlation with faith (r = .166), but no correlation with fear of death. Finally, as predicted females scored higher on faith and fear of death scales than males.
Interrelationships between Media, Parental Bonds, Self-esteem and Body Image Among Female Lebanese Adolescents
(2011) Hamdoun, Diana
The purpose of this study was to investigate the interrelationships between media, parental bonds, self-esteem and body image satisfaction among Lebanese female adolescents. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) There is a negative correlation between the sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (used to measure media effect) and the body image satisfaction. (2) The affectionate constraint (high on care & high on protection) and optimal (high care & low protection) parenting styles will both exceed affectionless control (low on care& high on protection) and neglectful parenting styles on body image satisfaction. (3) There is a positive correlation between self-esteem and body image satisfaction. The sample consisted of 61 high school students; their age ranged between 15 and 18 years old. The instruments used were the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance scale, the Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg, the parental bonding instrument and the SATAQ-3. Obtained results confirmed that self-esteem (hypothesis 3) significantly correlates with the young females’ body image satisfaction, however, they did not confirm the first and second hypothesis. The results showed no significant correlation between media and body image satisfaction nor any significant differences between all the parental styles (whether father or mother) on body image satisfaction.
The Relationship between Teacher's Job Satisfaction and Symptoms of Depression
(2011) Alieh Hout, Hanadi
The current study investigated the relationship between overall job satisfaction and signs of depression in male and female teachers. A sample of 118 teachers from private schools in Beirut completed a job satisfaction survey and the Beck Depression Scale in addition to demographic variables such as age, salary and number of years of teaching. Correlational analyses showed that there is an inverse correlation between overall job satisfaction and depression in this particular sample. Regression analysis between the variables of job satisfaction and depressive symptoms showed that nature of work subscale is the major predictor of depression. Analyses of variance indicated partial significance regarding an increase in salary and job satisfaction. Recommendations for administrators and teachers and suggestions for future studies were discussed.
Exploring the Relationship between Social and Emotional Skills, Behavior, and Academic Achievement
(2012) Kurd, Howayda Rateb
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social-emotional skills, behavior and academic achievement in middle and high school grades 7-12 (N = 85). It was a correlational study that utilized the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire and Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire - Adolescent Form and students' academic records (2011-2012). The results indicated a positive correlation between emotionality and one subscale (empathy) with total academic achievement. There was no correlation between sociability and all its subscales with externalizing behavior. The results indicated a negative correlation between sociability and all its subscales with internalizing behavior. Emotionality and all its subscales except empathy had a negative correlation with externalizing behavior and internalizing behavior. This study indicated that social and emotional skills could be contributing to students' academic and life success.
The Relationship between Emotional and Social Loneliness and Internet Use among Lebanese College Students
(2013) Khattab, Zeina
This study was conducted to test several hypotheses concerning different types of loneliness, the social and emotional loneliness, with the latter including two aspects: the family loneliness and the romantic loneliness, and their relation to the level of addiction to the internet. a convenient sample of 150 Lebanese college students were administered a survey measuring their type of loneliness, through a short form of the social and emotional loneliness scale for adults (SELSA-S), and their level of addiction to internet, through the internet addiction diagnostic questionnaire (IADQ) and the internet addiction test (IAT). The results showed a significant positive correlation between emotional, family, and social loneliness and the level of internet addiction. Moreover, the correlation between emotional loneliness and level of addiction to internet was marginal but in the predicted direction. Regression analysis showed that family loneliness had a bigger weight in explaining the variance on IADQ scores. Three analyses of variance showed a significant mean difference between the three IAT groups of internet addicts on emotional, family and social loneliness and marginal significance between these groups on emotional loneliness. Furthermore, the mean difference was between the normal and moderate groups. Further analysis showed that the moderate group of internet addicts spends more hours using Whatsapp and Facebook.
Perceptions of Sexual Harassment, Gender Role Attitudes and Self-esteem among University Students in Lebanon
(2014) Semaan, Lara Jabbour
This research was concerned with perceptions of sexual harassment and how they relate to gender role attitudes, self-esteem, gender, and age among a sample of young Lebanese students. The researcher also wanted to form an idea of the level of awareness on the issue in the three targeted Lebanese universities and the way these universities deal with sexual harassment. A questionnaire with three scales was filled out by 150 undergraduate university students, and interviews were conducted with university administrators and deans. Positive and significant correlations were found to exist between perceptions of sexual harassment on one side and gender role attitudes and age on the other. A significant difference was proven to exist between female and male students in how they perceive sexual harassment. A significant correlation between the egalitarian gender role subscale and perceptions of sexual harassment was also found. The results of this study could be used in universities and schools to design clearer definitions of sexual harassment. One of the clinical implications of the study would be to work on a certain level of gender role attitudes with individuals who have low perceptions of sexual harassment.

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