Counseling Psychology

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Anxiety, Depression, and Persistent Complex Bereavement among the Families of the Enforced Disappeared and Deceased during the Lebanese Civil War
(2022) Rehimi, Rim
The purpose of this quantitative research was to study mental health implications, specifically symptoms of depression, anxiety, and persistent complex bereavement among the families of the deceased and forced disappeared during the Lebanese Civil War. The research aim was to compare the families of the deceased with the families of the forced disappeared on the following variables: symptoms of anxiety, symptoms of depression and symptoms of persistent complex bereavement. A purposeful and convenient sample of 26 Lebanese individuals who had lost a core family member in the Lebanese civil war participated in the study, 13 of whom had lost a family member to death, and 13 others who had lost a family member to forced disappearance. Data were collected using a survey that included a demographic questionnaire, the “Beck Anxiety Inventory”, the “Beck Depression Inventory”, and the “Inventory of Complicated Grief”. Between-subjects t tests were used to test the hypotheses. As hypothesized, the results showed that individuals who had lost a core family member to enforced disappearance scored significantly higher on symptoms of anxiety, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of complicated grief than those who had lost a family member to death during the same time period in the Lebanese civil war. It is recommended to use clinical interventions that focus on psychoeducation, methods of narrative therapy that are based on storytelling for finding more positive meaning as well as approaches that increase the individuals’ tolerance for ambiguity.
Attitude towards Cosmetic Surgery and Perceived Attractiveness of Cosmetic Surgery Consumers in Lebanon
(2010) Zebian, Nadine
The present research was divided into two parts; the first details the findings of a public survey with a total of 234 university students in Lebanon to study the acceptance of cosmetic surgery and the factors playing into this acceptance such as gender, watching cosmetic surgery programs, having peers and mothers who use cosmetic surgery, and body weight of the participants. The 15-item Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale was used. Acceptance of cosmetic surgery was higher in females than in males. In females, acceptance was related to body weight, to having peers who use cosmetic surgery, but was not related to having mothers who use this surgery. Acceptance of cosmetic surgery was higher in all participants who watch programs on cosmetic surgery. The second part of the research had a total of 60 females who rated the attractiveness of a female consumer of cosmetic surgery. A black and white photo of a woman was used. Results indicated that in comparison with others, consumers of cosmetic surgery perceived other consumers as more physically attractive.
Casual Beliefs of Mental Illness and Psychiatric Skepticism as Predictors of Help Seeking Behavior and Mental Health Literacy in Lebanon
(2020) El Zein, Christine
Previous research has shown that there is a high prevalence of mental disorders and low treatment seeking behavior prevailing globally and more noticeably in the Arab region including Lebanon, and Causal beliefs of mental illness were reported to influence help-seeking behavior. Also, research has shown that psychiatric skepticism is existing in Lebanon and it is associated with lower levels of mental health literacy and more negative attitudes towards professional help seeking behavior and a considerable number of patients suffering from a mental illness choose to seek treatment from the general health sector (i.e. physicians and general practitioners) instead of seeking help from the mental health sector. As such, the purpose of this study is to examine the psychosocial, biological and supernatural including religious causal beliefs of mental illness and their effect on the attitudes held towards professional help seeking behavior, to investigate the relationship between psychiatric skepticism and level of mental health literacy as well as attitudes held towards help seeking behavior among the Lebanese participants and to examine the level of health literacy prevalent among the Lebanese participants and compare it to their level of mental health literacy. This is a quantitative survey study design. Six hypothesis were tested using a sample of 206 participants with the majority of participants’ age ranging between 20 and 30 years old; participants were recruited through convenience and snowball sampling. Data was collected through the administration of five questionnaires, The Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS)(2015), Attitudes Toward Seeking Psychological Help – Short Form (ATSPPH-SF) (1995), Mental Distress Explanatory Model Questionnaire (MDEMQ) (1990), Psychiatric Skepticism Scale (PSS) (2011) and All Aspects of Health Literacy Scale (AAHLS)(2013). The results yielded no significant correlation between each of the causal beliefs of mental illness (biological, psychosocial and spiritual/religious causal beliefs) and attitudes towards psychological help. Also, no significant correlation was obtained between psychiatric skepticism and each of mental health literacy and attitudes towards psychological help. A statistically significant difference was obtained between mental health literacy and biological health literacy in the sample. Findings, limitations and implications were discussed at the end of the study.
Differences in Positive Youth Development between Boy Scouts and non-Scouts in Lebanon
(2014) Nourreddine, Darine
The purpose of this study was to examine differences between Scouts and non-Scouts on variables that are known as key elements in positive youth development, namely, commitment to school, attitude towards employment, future orientation, self-efficacy and empathy. Participants (N=200), between the ages of 11 and 16, were male students enrolled in private schools in Lebanon that offered an after-school scouting program. The study relied on a self-report method, where participants filled in a questionnaire that consisted of demographic information, in addition to five different scales, each measuring a particular variable. T- test and ANOVA were used for data analysis. Results from the study revealed a significant difference between Scouts and non-Scouts on the attitude towards employment and empathy level, where Scouts' scores where significantly higher on both scales, while no significant differences were found between Scouts and non-Scouts when compared on the remaining three scales, i.e. commitment to school, future orientation and self efficacy. The results of this study highlighted the importance of the Scouting Movement with regard to the development of certain character-traits that are known to be key factors in positive youth development.
Factors that Impact the Sociocultural Adjustment and Well-being of Syrian Refugees in Stuttgart – Germany
(2018) El Khoury, Samar
This study investigated the impact of age, gender, language and acculturation choice on the sociocultural adjustment and well-being of Syrian refugees in Stuttgart, Germany. A total of 214 Syrian refugees participated in this study by filling a demographics questionnaire, the Acculturation Attitudes Scale (AAS-16), the Revised Sociocultural Adjustment Scale (R-SCAS), and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI-18). Correlation analyses and t-tests were used to examine the relationships between the different variables. A factor analysis run on the AAS-16 resulted in marginalization being discarded as a separate acculturation strategy. The results showed that the level of German language acquisition of the participants was positively and significantly correlated with sociocultural adjustment. No significant correlation was found between age and depression level as well as no significant difference in depression levels was found between males and females. Integration was found to be positively and significantly correlated with sociocultural adjustment and mental health. Assimilation was found to be positively and significantly correlated with sociocultural adjustment but no significant correlation was found with mental health. Separation was found to be negatively and significantly correlated with mental health, and insignificantly correlated with sociocultural adjustment. We concluded that higher German language levels and practicing integration act as the main protective factors against maladjustment, and that there are other factors at work affecting well-being besides age and gender. We suggest providing coaching for the refugees in sociocultural adjustment and inter-cultural issues to boost their well-being.
Parental Affectionate Communication and Youth Fear of Relational Intimacy
(2012) Vartan, Grace
Based on results of previous western research, associations regarding three dimensions (parental affectionate communication, maternal affectionate communication, paternal affectionate communication) and two measures of fear of intimacy (Part A and B) and perceived intimacy of others were assessed in a sample of Lebanese university females and males (N=205). Perceived intimacy of others was measured by the use of a photograph of a couple in an intimate setting. Participants rated the intimacy of the couple. There were 4 hypotheses. 1 predicted a negative relationship between paternal affectionate communication and fear of intimacy. 2 predicted a negative relationship between paternal affectionate communication and male fear of intimacy. 3 A stronger negative relationship was predicted between maternal and female fear of intimacy compared to males. 4 A negative correlation was predicted between fear of intimacy and perceived intimacy of others. Bi-variate correlations, and linear regression were conducted to test for the hypotheses. Results tended to fully support H1 and H3 and partially supported H2 and H4. The role of maternal affectionate communication was inferred from the partial significance of H2. Male self-disclosure patterns explained the partial significance for H4. Results across gender of parent and gender of adults are discussed further.
Test Anxiety as a Mediating Variable between Parenting Styles and Academic Achievement
(2009) Khater, Celia
A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that examined the effect of parental styles on academic grades amongst elementary Lebanese children. This study also aimed to validate specifically Test anxiety as a mediating variable between parental styles and academic grades. The Westside Test anxiety scale and the Parental Authority Questionnaire were administered to a sample of 140 students between the ages of nine and eleven, enrolled at the Beirut Baptist School. A correlation and regression analysis were undertaken to analyze the results which did not support our expected hypothesis. Further analysis of results however indicated the importance of tutoring and test anxiety in relation to grades. A number of factors accounted for these results among which are cultural differences, and a limited sample group.
The Contribution of Studying Psychology to Empathy and Psychological Distress: A Cross-sectional Analysis
(2019) Narsis, Armani
This study explored the effect of gender, self-efficacy, motivation, psychological distress, and studying psychology on the level of empathy of university students in Lebanon. A total of 310 students and graduates participated in the survey through an online questionnaire through social media platforms using the Basic Empathy Scale (BES), the General Self Efficacy Scale (GSE), Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), and the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10), comparing first year and last year undergraduate psychology students to first year and last year non-psychology students. Correlations, Analyses of variance, and regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of empathy as well as compare the various groups on empathy and psychological distress. The results showed that psychology students have higher empathy from the onset and that this does not increase throughout the psychology education and that women have higher empathy than men and were found to be more intrinsically motivated to study psychology. Motivation for studying psychology had no effect on empathy gained. General self-efficacy was found to be positively correlated with cognitive empathy but negatively correlated with affective empathy. Higher psychological distress was associated with higher affective empathy but was not predictive of cognitive empathy. Finally, graduates were found to have significantly lower psychological distress than students regardless of major.
The Effect of Extended Contact and Imagined Contact on Friendship Intention between Students in General Education Programs and Students with Disabilities
(2019) Nehme, Carol
The movement towards integrating children with disabilities into inclusive classrooms is on a rise. The present study is the first of its kind to evaluate a social psychological phenomena, Contact, and apply it in general education and special education settings in the Middle East. This study makes use of effect of extended contact and imagined contact in relation to friendship intention of students in general education programs towards students with disabilities in Lebanon. The purpose of this study was to assess whether friendship intentions are influenced by intergroup contact. An experimental research design was employed and a total of 225 students, aged 8-13, from the general education program were randomly assigned to the extended contact group, or to the imagined contact group, or to the control group. The Disability Awareness Questionnaire was used to measure disability awareness in students from the general education programs; and the Friendship Intention Scale was used to check for friendship intention of students after the interventions. Results for this study indicated that contact, as an intervention, was indeed successful on the Lebanese sample in this study. Participants showed significantly higher friendship intention levels after receiving the extended and imagined interventions compared to participants from the control group. This study has impactful implications which can address policy making for inclusion and educational reform. It will also provide experimentally tested interventions for improving friendship intention between children in general education and children with disabilities.
The Effect of Music Types on Mood and Vigilance
(2008) El-Haddad, Toni
A study was conducted to test five hypotheses which investigated the effect of music types on mood induction and vigilance in young Lebanese students. This study aimed also to validate a specific type of music 'the designer' as a tool for mood and vigilance enhancement. A mood assessment scale was administered to a sample of 60 students (31 males and 26 females), with ages raging between 13 and 18, enrolled at the Beirut Baptist School in Beirut. The mood shift was measured by comparing the posttests and the pretests T scores of the mood assessment scales. The vigilance was assessed by using the 'star-tracing' activity. Two tailed paired t tests and one way analysis of variance tests between-groups effects (the dependant variable being the mood and vigilance and the independent variable being the type of music), were performed. The results showed significant shifts in mood for all types of music, except for the designer music on the relaxation scale. As for the vigilance, there was a reliable difference between the influence of Designer music and Grunge Rock. The results indicate that music and in specific the 'Designer' can be used as a tool for facilitating reduction of stress and hostility and fostering attention and focus.
The Impact of Lebanese Middle Class Parental Practices on Youth Maladjustment
(2011) Dagher Bassous, Rachel
Based on results of previous western research, associations regarding three parental dimensions (parental psychological control, parental behavioral control, and parental support) and a measure of Anxiety/Depression and Delinquency were assessed in a sample of Lebanese middle class youth (N=214). All data were adolescent self-reports by way of school administered questionnaires, in convenient samples of two English schools. Bi-variate correlations, and linear regression were conducted to test for the hypotheses. Several associations were revealed between parenting dimensions and youth outcomes including: a positive relationship between paternal psychological control and anxiety/depression among youth; a negative relationship between parental behavioral control and delinquency; and a negative relationship between both paternal support and anxiety/depression and parental support and delinquency among youth. Results across gender and grade level are discussed further.
The Impact of Perfectionism on Risk Taking Attitude in a Sample of Lebanese Population
(2010) Sdepanian, Sanan
A research was conducted to test the relationship between perfectionism and risk taking. The study investigated the negative correlation between perfectionism and risk taking and examined the participants' high expectation scores on the dart board game prior to playing. The study also investigated the participants' low satisfaction scores post performance on the dart board game. A convenient sample of 170 students and employees, completed several measures, including the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and Domain Specific Risk Taking Scale. Further participants hit 15 throws on the dart board game and rated their expectation and performance satisfaction scores on a 0-100 scale. Results showed that there is negative correlation between perfectionism and risk taking. However the results did not substantiate the initially hypothesized relationship for the second hypothesis; there was no significant relationship between perfectionism and participant satisfaction scores on the actual score. Finally, analysis displayed that there was a positive correlation between perfectionism and frequency of distance changes. Implications of the results were discussed and directions for future research were proposed.
The Link between the Level of Forgiveness and Nationalism in Armenians and the Level of Social Distance they Feel Towards Turks and Azerbaijanis
(2014) Ter-Sahakyan, Elizabeth
This study explored the link between the level of forgiveness and nationalism in Armenians as individual traits and the level of social distance they feel towards Turkish and Azerbaijani people among 163 Armenians in Yerevan, Armenia. The study relied on a self-report method, where participants provided demographic information, and filled in three questionnaires: The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS), a Nationalistic Attitude Scale and the Bogardus Social Distance Scale. The results were analyzed by using a correlation and a t-test. Results showed that forgiveness in Armenians as an individual trait correlated negatively with social distance with the Azerbaijanis but not the Turks. With regards to nationalism the study showed that nationalism correlated positively with social distance with the Azerbaijanis but not the Turks. In addition, this study revealed that if the variables of forgiveness and nationalism are excluded, the social distance among Armenians is higher towards the Azerbaijanis than towards Turks. The information obtained by this research equipped us with some psychological knowledge on which to base future professional training and counselling services in the area of national trauma and hostility recovery.
The Relationship between Dancing, Self esteem, Educational Achievement and Stress among School and University Students in Lebanon
(2014) Khaywa, Jinan K.
This study assessed the relationship between dancing, self esteem, educational achievement and stress among School and University students in Lebanon. A total of 471 individuals (N= 471) were administered the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale. The sample for this study consisted of 228 females and 243 males, 177 high school students, 191 university under graduates, and 103 university graduates; 243 participated in dancing, and 228 were non dancers. Their ages ranged from 16 to 28 years, with an average age of 22 years (M= 22). Statistical analyses were run, including correlational analyses, analyses of variance (ANOVA), and Independent samples T-test. There was no correlation between practicing dancing and the self esteem construct among students in Lebanon. However, practicing dancing was negatively correlated with stress levels. Moreover, dancing was positively correlated with better academic achievement. Further analysis of data showed that the “other” and "Rap" dancers received the highest academic average in comparison to the "Ballet", "Dance de Salon" and "oriental" dancers, who all received the lowest averages. Concerning the stress factor, the results of the current study showed significant differences between the type of dance and stress levels among students.
The Relationship between Extra-dyadic Stress, Intra-dyadic Stress and Marital Satisfaction in Couples of the Greater Area of Beirut
(2019) Charbetji, Rose-Marie
This study investigated the impact of extra-dyadic stress on marital satisfaction with intra-dyadic stress mediating this relationship in Lebanese couples of the Greater Area of Beirut. A total of 150 couples (300) individuals participated in the study by filling out a demographic questionnaire, Multidimensional Stress Questionnaire for couples MSD-Q (external stress, Multidimensional Stress Questionnaire for couples MSD-Q (internal stress), and Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS). Correlation and regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between the different variables. The results showed that a significant negative relationship exists between extra-dyadic stress and marital satisfaction, positive significant relationship between extra-dyadic stress and intra-dyadic stress, and negative significant relationship between intra-dyadic stress and marital satisfaction in Lebanese couples. The relationship between extra dyadic stress and marital satisfaction was mediated by intra-dyadic stress which was reflected by the multi-linear regression analysis that showed a diminished effect of extra-dyadic stress on marital satisfaction when intra-dyadic stress was entered into the equation. The posited hypotheses were verified. We concluded that Lebanese couples’ experience of extra-dyadic stress indeed spills over into the relationship by increasing intra-dyadic stress which in turn lowers their marital satisfaction.
The Relationship between Religiosity and Love Styles
(2012) Bouri, Christina
This study aimed at looking at the relationship between religiosity and the 6 love styles of Agape, Eros, Storge, Pragma, Mania and Ludus. A convenient sample of 150 Lebanese individuals were administered a survey measuring their degree of religiosity through the Religiosity Measure Questionnaire and most predominant love style through Lee's Love Attitudes Scale. The purpose of the research was to test for the specific predictions made between religiosity and the love styles. The results showed that there was a lack of a significant correlation between Agape and religiosity. There is also no significant difference between the genders in regards to Agape. The correlation between Pragma and religiosity was confirmed. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the genders regarding Pragma. The results also showed no significant correlation between Mania and religiosity and between Eros and religiosity.
The Relationship between Religiosity and Spirituality among Lebanese Male and Female College Students
(2012) Alaoui Kurd, Mariam
The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the relationship between religion and spirituality. Studies have examined religiosity as a predictor of numerous psychological outcomes. However, few studies have investigated the different types of religious orientations as predictors of spiritual transcendence. Scales measuring each of the variables and a demographic questionnaire were compiled and given to 155 college students. Both intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientations were positively correlated with spiritual transcendence. Further analysis showed two additional types of religious orientations, indiscriminately pro-religious and anti-religious. Significant differences were found between all groups. Additionally, there were no differences in religiosity and spiritual transcendence between males and females.

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